The brain is the most important organ of the human body and controls nearly everything we do. Billions and billions of neurons are connected by synapses and communicate via long fibers known as axons and pulses called action potentials. Although the brain is well studied and documented, there are many unknowns around various diseases and genetic disorders affecting the brain. Recent advancements in optogenetics and fluorescent markers have pushed the boundaries of brain diagnostics. Researchers can now utilize techniques such as multiphoton microscopy, CLARITY, and GCaMP to accurately tag and analyze neuronal development or brain degeneration. These techniques use a variety of optical components including microscope objectives and fluorescence filters. In the near future, these developments will hopefully lead to a better understanding of debilitating ailments such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease, improving the lifestyle of hundreds of thousands of patients.